#34 Native Americans-Updated 8/20/15
- Activities
- Videos and Recordings
- Books & Other Resources
- Native Flute - Classroom kits
- Dance
- Songs
- Web Sites, Links
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ACTIVITIES
12/13 CREATE: I had a copy of Native American sign paintings that I got from a classroom teacher. I had the kids draw/write a sentence then write the music above it. Ta, titi etc. I then had them narrow them down to 8 beats and then play it on a drum. You could use any drum you have including coffee cans or I sometimes use chinet plates with recorder cleaner beaters. They could be decorated with the signs too! I actually lost my copy and googled Native American sign paintings for kids and found a similar printable. Robin Lavinder
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BOOK: I bought Moving Within the Circle and have used several activities Find at musick8.comDANCE: Duck Dance is a favorite with my students. In addition to the directions/song in the book, I found a youtube video showing families doing the dance/game. We used the song found in Moving Within the Circle and played the game as they did in the video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewJlYVoUjx0&list=PL259FED1C85B8E9B2&index=6SONG: I also used Wen De Ya Ho, a Cherokee morning song. (There are several spellings.) The lyrics mean "I am of the Great Spirit." I learned this song at a Hawk Hurst workshop, it is not in the book. You can find several of his videos on youtube also. Then I found a video of a man sitting by a stream, playing his Native American flute and singing songs. One of them was Wen De Ya Ho. Plain, simple, although slightly different than the version I learned from Hawk Hurst. So, we listened to this man play & sing. I taught them the song (the version I learned, which was more like the modern version). We sang it together, just our voices, no instruments. Then we listened to the Rita Coolidge & Walela version of the same song and discussed the differences between the traditional & modern versions. We sang the song again, adding classroom drums & rattles, more like the modern version.
SONG: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGkd3zBJIS0&list=PL259FED1C85B8E9B2
SONG: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cVA9wTME-8&list=PL259FED1C85B8E9B2&index=20
SONG: There is also a beautiful arrangement of Wen De Ya Ho/Amazing Grace
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B699b7pOv3w&list=PL259FED1C85B8E9B2&index=19FLUTE MUSIC: Hawk Hurst has a website, and you can download his "curriculum" for free. It contains information on about 45 songs. There is not much music notation included, but rather info on the origins of the music and some activities. He has a cd that you can download from his website that allow you to learn the songs in a traditional way, by listening! ---- http://www.hawkhurstflutes.com/ THEN scroll down to:
http://www.hawkhurstflutes.com/schoolprograms.html 12/05 BOOK: We used "Brother Eagle, Sister Sky", a book based on the words of Chief Seattle and illustrations by Deborah Jeffers. The students listened to my simple reading of the book and looked at the pics in mid October. Silence happened at the end of the story with every class, since the Chief's words were so profound and the pictures so haunting and so realistic in our fast growing north Atlanta suburb.We divided the book evenly, so that each class performing together in the larger group had a portion to perform. We used Native American flute music by Carlos Nakai - we used 2 bands - Daybreak Vision and Ancestral Voices. The students created movement to interpret the Chief's words, and the 2 performances by different groups were as sacred as the charge that Seattle gave the American government as he "sold" his ancestral lands at the end of the "Indian Wars".
We worked to use different heights in Native American statues around the stage before the text of the book began. After each small group performed their part of the text, they returned to the stage sides to sit in cross legged powwow position as the other groups finished. We listened to several randomly chosen contemporary Native American performances using native instruments, as well as music with guitar, and with choral ensembles in native languages, and the students voted on the musical voice they thought fit the story we would tell together.
We carried no instruments to the stage, imitated no music, instead they allowed the gentle beauty of Nakai's flute to inform their interpretations. We demonstrated traveling, turning, growing larger and smaller, and elevation as we created a 3rd grader's vision of what Chief Seattle spoke so eloquently is his own time to ears that were deaf to his pride and sadness in the loss of his legacy. However, his words inspire and haunt us now, and I will long remember how my students taught me Brother Eagle, Sister Sky through their movement exploration and interpretation.
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12/05 LESSON: Here's a lesson plan in a nutshell:
1. I recited a Native American story (in this case, "Gluskabi and the Wind Eagle").
2. The kids then made a class diamonte poem.
3. Pick the two main characters.4. Then, first line, a noun describing character number one.
Second line, two adjectives describing character one.
Third line, three participles, describing character one.
Fourth line: four nouns-two for character one and two for character two.
Fifth line: three participles describing character two.
Sixth line: two adjectives describing character two.
Last line: one noun describing character two.6. For the ostinati:
Ostinato one: use line four, decide on rhythmic notation for the words so the line adds up to eight beats and can be divided evenly into groups of two
Ostinato two: select from either line two or line six: words must add up to four beats
Ostinato three: select from either line one or line seven: must add up to two beats.
7. They then transfer their rhythms to a percussion score (no staff): Top line is written out once. Second ostinato is written out twice for a total of eight. Third ostinato is written four times for a total of eight, and the whole musical line is repeated.
8. I then created a modal recorder melody to go along with it. The kids, in their groups, decide which non-pitched instruments would play each ostinati, and who would play recorder.
Next week, they'll perform, and I'll record and put on the web site! First, before they play, the entire class will recite their diamonte poem. ---- Karen StaffordBACK to Native Americans
***********************************************************************VIDEOS and RECORDINGS
01/07 CD: by Baba Olatunji. The interlocking rhythms are intricate and I agree - every bit as tricky as you can imagine. -- Martha in Tallahassee
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01/07 WEST AFRICA: There's a great CD that's been recently re-released called "Drums of Passion."
Get any of the DVDs put out by Mamady Keita. His official website is www.mamadykeita.com -- Julie Porter
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01/07 SONG: One of my favorite Native American songs is "Sioux Lullaby" found in “Making the Most of the Holidays, Songs, Poems and Dances for Children” by Jeff Kriske and Randy DeLelles. This one song is worth buying the book. My children love to play it on the recorder. Their Orff accompaniment is lovely. It is available through West Music Company. ($18.00) http://www.westmusic.com/
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09/03 INTO THE CIRCLE is a great video (Find online - itunes, amazon etc.,)
LINKS FOR INSTRUMENTS & GENERAL INFORMATION: http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/indices/NAmusic.html ---- - Contribued by Heather Augustine
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I've used the video "Inside The Circle" about native dances.....also consider "Go, My Son" in 5th or 6th gradebook.......Do you have a native tribe in your area? They can be great resources. Check the index of ALL grade level texts for interesting harvest songs, lullabies, chants, etc. ET in NCBACK to Native Americans
***********************************************************************Books
12/09 “GIVING THANKS, A NATIVE AMERICAN GOOD MORNING MESSAGE”: [is] a great Native American book (Reading Rainbow story, by Chief Jake Swamp. Beautifully illustrated. [Good for Thanksgiving season.] Native American Heritage Month. Pair it with "What a Wonderful World" and discuss similarities. --- Dianne Park, San Diego, CA
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10/08 Indian Lore: http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/loreindx.html
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12/07 "Myth,Music and dance of the American Indian. It comes with a CD and also has Nnative Aamerican instruments to make. Each song tells the story behind the song. It is excellent and has been researched to be true Native American songs. -- Jacquie Wood
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01/07 BOOK: Let Your Voice Be Heard! Songs from Ghana and Zimbabwe by Abraham Kobena Adzenyah, Dumisani Maraire and myself. It has many children's gamesongs and story songs from Ghana and includes photos, maps, a demo CD of everything in the book...lots of copy permissible pages.Two of my articles in the past two volumes of MK8 featured gamesongs from Ghana, one from the North (Nka Bia) in V16#5 and one from the Central area (Ekpe, Ekpe) in V15#5. Mk8 Magazine, Plank Road Publishing: http://www.musick8.com/ 1-800-437-0832 -- Judith Cook Tucker, Publisher
World Music Press (ASCAP), www.worldmusicpress.com
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02/05 Thomas Locker also has out Mountain Dance & Cloud Dance - these are also wonderful with music & movement! I've used Mountain Dance with pieces from "Music For Children" Orff volume pieces and student created movement! I'm anxious to someday use Cloud Dance as well and I'm going to find Water Dance!! I didn't know it existed! The illustrations in these books are fabulous and very appropriate for older students (4-6th grade!)-- Lisa
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09/03 BOOK: Byron Burton's MOVING WITHIN THE CIRCLE
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09/03 RECORDERS: Another resource for upper elementary school is Bryan Burton's set VOICES OF THE WIND Native American Flute Songs for soprano recorder or Native American flute(some have words with the melodies). It has songs that are clearly written out for several levels of players (none extremely advanced) as well as a couple of listening lessons featuring Carlos Nakai and Robert Tree Cody (on the companion CD)...also available through Music K8 Marketplace etc. Judith Cook Tucker, www.worldmusicpress.com
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01/03 BOOK: Night Music by Vaughan I think it is. It is the history of Kokopelli and it has actual images of animals that follow him and dance. I think the hardcover is $16.95. It does list words for Kokopelli's song but no notation so I don't know if there is a real melody for this or not. Does give some Native American info though.
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Burnett, Millie: Dance Down the Rain, Sing Up the Corn - American Indian Chants & Games for Children (Musik Innovations; Box One, Allison Park, PA 15101; 1975)
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INUIT NATIVE AMERICANS: Inngerutit, their drum song tradition, was once an integral part of their lives. Not only did Inuit people sing at feasts, they sang every day - when they felt sorrow, anger or joy. Some songs told elaborate stories, some were more matter-of-fact, others were simple repetitive chants. Although inngerutit is the most emblematic of Inuit musical forms, Inuit tradition includes a wide range of song styles that serve a variety of purposes. Anarsaatit express moods and feelings, often with beautiful allusions to nature, Aqaatit sing of sealing and the hunt. Mumerit involve role-playing games. And duel-songs, called pisit, place two singers in competition against each other, often to resolve social problems; in the latter cases, the audience decides who wins." There are also two examples on the accompanying CD. This is a wonderful resource (I got mine from Music in Motion www.music-in-motion.com) but I'm not sure how you can use it with second grade.
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BERING STRAIT: Early colonists were interested in Indian music but thought it inferior; Indian music served a function (prayers, dances), not used as entertainment and to 'sound pretty'; pentatonic scale; steady beat very important; some texts were nonsense syllables;
SONGS: Mooke, Ha Na Tsi Wa, Na Na He Ha Ha, Mooje Moccasin, Quapaw Indian Face Dance Song, Hau-Wari, Loneliness (Navajo)
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RESOURCE: A fantastic resource [for upper elementary] is: "A Cry From The Earth" which has recordings of every song + background, translations for many American Tribes across the U.S. I used this resource solely to design a curriculum for camp studying crafts, music, history of different tribes and it was very complete except for the legends.
DANCE/MYTHS/MUSIC BOOK: De Cesare, Ruth, Ph.D., ed.: Myth, Music and Dance of the American Indian - "An Activity-Oriented Sourcebook of American Indian Tradition, based upon the Music and Culture of 21 Tribes" (Alfred Publishing Co., Inc., 16380 Roscoe Blvd., PO Box 10003, Van Nuys, CA, 91410-0003; 1988)
A 4-cassette teaching package: Ballard, Dr. Louis (Creek): American Indian Music for the Classroom (Canyon Records, 4143 N. 16th St., Phoenix, AZ 85016 - 602-226-4823SONG: : Jenkins, Ella: "We are Native American Tribes" (on "We are America's Children")
SONG: Sainte-Marie, Buffy: "Men of the Fields" (on "Little Wheel Spin & Spin") and "Now that the Buffalo's Gone" (on "Best of" and "Native North American Child")
SONGS: Schimmel, Nancy: "1492"; Small, Fred: "Heart of the Appaloosa" (title song of album on Rounder records); Two of a Kind: "Columbus Revisited"
BOOK/CD: Moving Within the Circle by Bryan Burton. This is contemporary native American Music and Dance published by World Music Press, Danbury CT 06813-2565. The book comes with a CD and slides, and has good information about the music and the culture. There are melodies that can be played on the recorder; songs with actual vocables that are not simple, but singable; dance directions; directions for making authentic instruments, and much more.
BOOK: Teaching the Music of Six Different Cultures by Luvenia George,1987 World Music Press
BOOK: This fall, I bought a book called "The Flute Player".It's a terrific book telling the story of a young Apache and a girl he meets at a "hoop dance". He plays the flute...........it's the music and sound she comes to love. I don't want to tell the whole story because it's quite moving. Sort of a Romeo and Juliet connection. If you see this book, I'd suggest thinking seriously about buying it. Unlike so many others, I seldom spend personal money for school things. (It's just not "there"!!) But this one was worth it. We used, of course, a wooden flute each time the very important words were spoken in the story..........."It sounds like the wind blowing through the trees".
BOOK: I have a wonderful book called "Songs of the Earth: Music of the World" that was compiled by Anna Kealoha. There are some wonderful Native American songs in it. It is published by Celestial Arts, PO Box 7327, Berkeley, CA 94707
BOOK: Dance Down the Rain, Sing up the Corn" by Millie Burnett. I like it because it has not only songs, but dances, games, art and craft ideas, literature and cooking projects. Great for integrating!! The publisher is Musik Innovations, Box One, Allison Park, PA 15101(I.S.B.N. 0-88247-370-0)
DANCE: I did the Pueblo 2 step with third graders last year. It was in a book titled Moving within the Circle(That's a book from Judith Cook Thomas' WORLD MUSIC PRESS. so it should be available from West Music and other major music dealers. Within 2 weeks, we will be carrying it and all of WMP's other resources as a part of our MUSIC K-8 MARKETPLACE catalog and website http://www.musick8.com/ It is somewhat like the Virginia reel. The kids loved it. We did it in the gym for an informal program. I passed out hand drums, maracas, and jingles to the parents and they played along with the taped accompaniment as the kids danced. We also did the canoe round from K-8. I created a simple Orff arrangement that used autoharps and drumming also.
BACK to Native Americans
***********************************************************************NATIVE FLUTE - CLASSROOM KITS
In Canada, the new politically correct way of referring to Native Canadians is Aboriginal or First Nations.I hope to have information on Richards native flutes and a DVD of native flute performances in the new year.
In Musicplay (Elementary curriculum by grade level), there are several excellent Native songs: Gitsagakomim in Musicplay 2 is a Blackfoot song. The Blackfoot live in northern Montana and Southern Alberta. Musicplay 2 (and Recorder Resource Kit 1) also has the Stick Game - in the new PowerPoints for Musicplay, we've found a link to a site that does a really good explanation of the history of the stick games (slahal) and demonstrates how to play them. Musicplay 4 and 5 have songs by Leo McGillvray - a cree composer from northern Alberta. These are sung by Grade 4-5 students in the Cree choir at an elementary school in Edmonton, Alberta. Musicplay 5 has Ho Ho Watanay, an Iroqois lullaby.
Denise Gagne www.musicplay.ca Musicplay – the Sequential Text Series tvmusic@telusplanet.net 888-562-4647BACK to Native Americans
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12/11 HOOP DANCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Hoop_Dance: Men, women and children perform hoop dances- youtube is full of videos You can show your students. I teach the song "Hi Yo Wip Si Ni Ya" and give each child a rubber Tubing hoop (I bought 40 of these at the Longbeach Orff boutique one year). We watch some of the dances and then sing and perform to Native Am. Drum music and Hi Yo Wip Si Ni Ya. The kids jump in & out of the hoops, twirl them on their arms and legs, and so on. This works best with smaller hoops then hula hoops. You can make them with rubber tubing and tape. ----Dianne Park
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ACTIVITY: Land of the Silver Birch:
https://www.redgrammer.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=212
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SONG/DANCE: Check out the haliwa-saponi canoe song and dance. they printed it in one of the older k-8 mags. check your index. it's great, the kids can do everything, the drumming, the singing and the dancing. they'll own it. See musick8.com or worldmusicpress.comBACK to Native Americans
***********************************************************************Songs
12/05 SONG: Ho Ho Watanay: http://www.mamalisa.com/?t=es&p=71&c=17
The English words in World of Music K are "Sleep, sleep, little one. (3X) Now go to sleep, now go to sleep." The credits say, "Collected by Alan Mills from the Iroquois of the Caughnawaugha Indian Reservation near Montreal in 1955. As printed in CANADA'S STORY IN SONG by Edith Fowke and Alan Mills. W.J. Gage Limited, Toronto. By permission of Edith Fowke." We sign the following words each time they occur: sleep, little, one, go. I think the signs for these words are pretty standard whether using Signed English or ASL, but if you don't have access to them, let me know and I'll write them out. K's learn them very quickly with the English words and are usually able to carry them over when using the Iroquois version. I also have two Taos drums and two Taos shakers that we add on the beat, making this song useful as a lullaby, music of another culture, a language experience, and a steady-beat activity. -- Connie Herbon
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04/05 For Native American music, I always like Nakai, who plays the Native American Flute. Also, anything from World Music Press is always good! Dana in MN
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10/04 GO MY SON words & music by Carnes Burson & Arlene M. Williams
--is in the newest Share the Music Series grade 5 cd #6 . My fifth graders had a fit over it last year. That's all they wanted to sing for months. It's beautiful. Being a married to a Sioux and part Cherokee myself , I found myself singing it as a lullaby to my youngest son. I love it. -- Lavinia Reidsville, NC
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SONG: There is a beautiful song the Mescalero Apache's sing here called "Go My Son". It has a beautiful melody and the words speak of "climbing the ladder of education". I had some girls last year who wanted to perform it for the class, and I was in tears by the time they finished. -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8vIa8NPxwc 01/02 The all-time favorite 3-5 song is "Go, My Son." I add the sign language with it and ALL the kids LOVE it. Very powerful and meaningful...One time, one of the worst behaved children in the school got so excited he climbed up on the table and started singing and signing the song during class. Maybe his behavior was inappropriate, but it was the first time he had been excited about something in school - WHAT A GREAT MOMENT!Another good song is "I Walk in Beauty" also with sign language. "Go, My Son" is in the Music Connection and the old World of Music books. "I Walk in Beauty" is one of those great songs I learned when I was in elementary school. My only copy of this music is a piece of paper from when I was in 3rd grade (I can't believe I transcribed it when I was that young!)
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10/04 RESPECTING New Cultural Sounds (avoid the ‘giggling’ and gufawing)
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SONG/ROUND: "Now I Walk In Beauty" - Navajo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4iIDeV2zKU
I think it's beautiful and my professional group sang it in a round as we processed in to a concert once. It was stunning! -- Pat Price
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10/04 SILVER BIRCH/CANOE SONG -- These two songs work beautifully as a partner. I've done an arrangement in Musicplay 5 that is gorgeous. -- Denise Gagne www.musicplay.ca
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10/04 SILVER BIRCH: Rise Up Singing, that venerable songbook, lists the Land of the Silver Birch (My paddle's keen and bright, etc.) and cites Margaret Embers McGee, 1918, as author. She was Canadian. -- Martha Stanley
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01/03 DRUMMING CIRCLE (boys) and FANCY SHAWL DANCE (girls):Materials: colored felt cut in rectangles large enough to drape across girls' shoulders and enough drums for each boy to have one.Borrowing from the American Indian Dance Theater's video "Finding the Circle" (or is it "Within the Circle"?) and what I've seen at pow wows, my first graders and I did an improvised drum/dance circle.~ give each girl a felt piece to drape around their shoulders (they hold them with their hands).
~ The boys made a drumming circle sitting very close to one another on the floor.
~ Around the outside of the circle danced the girls with their "shawls," twirling and stepping while the boys improvised together on their drums. All I did was set the tempo and get them started playing the beat. Soon they were adding rhythms of their own.
~ The only "rule" for the dancers was that they had to keep their feet moving the entire time.
~ "rule" for singing: boys only. Boys can improvise Indian chants. Nat. Amer. women traditionally sing lullabies and songs around the home, but not during drum cirles (nor do they do the drumming
Contributed by Sandra Elder
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STRANGE TO YOUNG EARS: The tried and true method for getting kids of any age to stop giggling about unfamiliar music is to make it familiar. (Read that again - it's the absolute bottom line for introducing new music.)Tips:
---as you work with them, express your wide-eyed wonder at ALL the amazingly different ways people can do music. Isn't it wild how people can love so many kinds of music!!! (sell it with your enthusiasm)
--- extract from the kids all the ways the music is the same; enjoy (sell it, baby!) how the differences make it sound so "special"
--- include comments about how your music preferences are kind of like your food preferences: what you're used to is your favorite.
--- allow students the right to be uncomfortable with the new. Verbalize about that. I for one HATED the sound track to Fiddler on The Roof the first time I heard it and it wasn't until the third hearing that I started liking it and now I have it almost memorized.
--- play the unfamiliar piece at least three different times so they start getting past the unexpected and into the familiar. THIS IS CRUCIAL FOR ANY NEW KIND OF MUSIC. This includes hip hop, opera, Bulgarian women's choir, monks chanting.............
--- if you can find pictures of the culture or instruments that they can see, it helps them identify that the music will be different and somehow makes it easier to take. Martha Stanley10/04 I agree with Martha wholeheartedly on this one! When I have new or unusual music for them to listen to, I always try to head 'em off at the pass by telling them ahead of time that they're going to hear something verrrryyy different and to remember that different does NOT mean funny! That our stuff would sound just as different/funny to them, too. Then I try to describe something they're going to hear. When it starts playing, I'll tilt my head and look like I'm listening quite intently, and then whisper "see?!?! Hear that?!?" and get them all listening for whatever it is. You'll always have 1 or 2 whisper back "yeah, I hear it!", then the others will listen harder. Works every time! -- Pat Price
10/04 I generally have a talk with them before hand explaining that the sounds are different and might sound ‘silly’ to them. I talk to them in a serious manner about hearing and respecting different cultures. “You’re ‘halfway’ to becoming an adult and you’ll see and hear many things during your lifetime. Are you going to need to giggle at people THEN because they’re different? (Wait for signs of response.) Then can you handle listening now as a mature, grown up student? Good. If any one does have difficulty with giggling, they can (leave, or put their heads down).” Get them listening for certain elements. I do a lesson of comparing different tribal songs and the students listen for and compare vocal qualities. (Second - Third Grade) -- Sandy Toms
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SONGS: Our third grades study Native Americans of the Northwest. I always use land of the Silver Birch, but change the words to" Land of the cedar tree, home of the salmon"....We also sing the chant" The Earth Is Our Mother..we must take care of her"; Little Indian Brave..again changing the words to fit NW Indians; Indian Names; Walk In Beauty (used a few years ago in MENC World's Largest Concert ), and Steady As A Beating Drum from Pocahontas. -----------------
9/01 ACTIVITIES: I did a Native American tribute to the earth that centered on gardens and corn last year with grades K-2. Two second grade classes presented the Pawnee Corn Ceremony from Silver Burdett gr. 4 as all classes sang H'Atira. I played the recorder and we had drummers and rattle shakers. Students were dressed traditionally in headresses of feathers with vests made from brown paper bags. Instead of coming from "7 hills" we came from 4 directions. First student in line carried a broomstick decorated with real ears of corn & leaves. The students following him/her came from four directions of the outdoor amphitheater we were in and all created a circle .They "praised" mother corn and then went back up to their spots. A little hard to describe, but I took the ceremony and explanation from the old SB. We also did "Grinding Corn" from grade 1. Two other second grade classes wore Hopi head dresses for this. They came down and played the percussion instruments for this as all students did appropriate choreography. I made my own version of the traditional butterfly head dress.BACK to Native Americans ***********************************************************************
Web Sites, Links
10/08 10/08 ONLINE LEGENDS: http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/loreindx.html
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12/07 POWERPOINT-Woodland Tribes: http://www.pppst.com/index.html
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TRIBES/INFORMATION: For the first time ever, there is a Native American website created by tribal members and has factual information on the past and present of all federally recognized tribes in the lower 48s. It opened Christmas day in 2006 and is the only site of its kind focusing on education for Native American children as well as children all over the world: http://www.discovernativeamerica.com/ -- Lee Tiger
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04/05 LACROSSE: http://www.oneidaindiannation.com/pressroom/factsheets/52960147.html
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04/05 LEGENDS: http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/Legends-AB.html
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11/01 LESSONS/ACTIVITIES/INSTRUMENTS:
http://www.teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-7462.html?mail-10-22The Seminole Tribe of Florida has a children's educational packet and LOTS ofgreat legends and songs. See www.seminoletribe.com
Create stories using 'Pictographs':
http://atozteacherstuff.com/lessons/NativeAmericanPictographs.shtmlSEMINOLE (CREEKS) HISTORY: - http://www.semtribe.com/History/BriefSummary.aspx
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